Though this blog focuses mainly on the differences between cisgender men and women of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, intersex and transgender people were very much present in the 1920s (and far before) and continue to fight for greater rights and representation today. Transgender people, in this post used as an umbrella term including nonbinary and genderqueer people, were not broadly recognized in the United States in the 1920s. Small, underground LGBTQIA+ subcultures certainly existed, as they have since the beginning of civilization, but there are no public records of large and organized rights groups in the 1920s. The most documented aspects of transgender peoples’ public lives in the 1920s were that of crossdressing shows. While not all crossdressers were transgender, transgender people were able to more freely express their identities without the same risk of social exclusion at drag shows. However, these shows were often highlighted in a negative light in mass media. In the 1920s, intersex people were recognized in the medical field as distinctly outside of the prior sex binary (Intersex Society of North America, 2024). This recognition of intersex people legitimized the practice of the “sex change” in Western medicine, though doctors only used it as a “normalizing” procedure performed at birth for intersex individuals – without their input, and telling parents to raise them as either male or female (Intersex Society of North America, 2024). From the 1930s to 1950s, general disapproval of the larger LGBTQIA+ community was still high and trans rights movements were still small in the United States. “Gay bars” provided a relatively safe space for some, but bar goers were subject to frequent harassment by outsiders (a trend continued for decades following the establishment of such safe spaces). Transgender people were able to find some limited acceptance outside of the United States in Europe, where many European doctors were also willing to perform gender-affirming surgery. It was not until the 1950s that the United States’ public would significantly shift their perspective on transgender people, due to the public transition of American WWII veteran Christine Jorgensen (National WW2 Museum, 2020). With Christine’s life under public eye, more transgender people were able to realize their identities and learn about gender-affirming procedures available to them in other countries. With a new spotlight on how European countries were more accepting of transgender individuals, the transgender rights movements within the United States began to place more pressure on American politicians. With the police raid of the Stonewall gay bar in 1969, both transgender and gay rights movements were provoked into greater action than ever before. The following decades, including 2020, saw a massive uptick in the amount of positive media and awareness campaigns regarding transgender people. Larger, well-organized groups dedicated to expanding transgender rights, protections, and support (for example: GATE, WPATH, National Center for Transgender Equality, and Transgender Law Center) have overseen the passage of explicitly transgender-supportive laws. Intersex people have also organized movements (for example: the 1993 Intersex Society of North America) promoting awareness and acceptance of their sex, not as a condition to be “normalized” but to be celebrated and accepted in of itself (Intersex Society of North America, 2024). Important to note, however, is the extreme discrimination that both transgender and intersex people still face in public, the workplace, and relationships (Grant et al., 2011). Right-wing politicians actively seek to reverse the progress made in the past seven decades, introducing bills to restrict the rights of transgender people and spreading discriminatory ideologies to their followers. As such, transgender and intersex activists are still fighting both for equal freedoms and against the regression of the rights they have achieved. "A Trans History: Time Marches Forward And So Do We" by ACLU: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-lhWEVByZo Photograph of Danish painter and pioneer of sex reassignment surgery, Lili Bebe. Though she was not a part of American history directly during her lifetime, her gender-affirming surgery in 1930 set a precedent for future transgender individuals in Europe, which came to affect American politics decades later (Biography.com Editors, 2015). Cafe Lafitte, a gay bar opened in 1933 and still operational today, was one of few relatively safe spaces for LGBTQIA+ people in the United States (New Orleans Website Editors, 2024). Christine Jorgensen, the first American transgender celebrity, helped educate and inspire a new generation of transgender people and rights activists through her accomplishments, struggle, and success (National WW2 Museum, 2020). Though the fight for transgender rights has come far since its beginning, pushback from right-wing policymakers are reversing laws on gender-affirming surgery state-by-state, specifically targeting transgender youth (Human Rights Campaign Foundation, 2023). Works Cited
Biography.com Editors. (2015, September 8). Lili Elbe Biography. Biography.com. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.biography.com/artists/lili-elbe Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., & Tanis, J. (2011). Injustice at Every Turn. | National Center for Transgender Equality. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/NTDS_Report.pdf Human Rights Campaign Foundation. (2023, November 13). Attacks on Gender Affirming Care by State Map. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.hrc.org/resources/attacks-on-gender-affirming-care-by-state-map Intersex Society of North America. (2024). What's the history behind the intersex rights movement? Intersex Society of North America. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://isna.org/faq/history/ National WW2 Museum. (2020, June 30). From GI Joe to GI Jane: Christine Jorgensen’s Story. The National WWII Museum. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/christine-jorgensen New Orleans Website Editors. (2024). Cafe Lafitte In Exile. New Orleans. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.neworleans.com/listing/cafe-lafitte-in-exile/33124/
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Prior to the second industrial revolution, the fashion of American middle-to-upper women was fairly conservative and concerned mainly with emphasizing formality, modesty, and an “hourglass” figure via long dresses - as well as prestige through fluffy blouses and large, lavishly decorated hats. Long hair was the norm. With the rise of feminism and the middle class in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the limiting societal standards on women’s gender expression began to lift. The number of women considered “middle-class” increased due to World War I pushing men out of many domestic workplaces, leaving women to take their places and become financially independent (see “How World War I Affected Both Men and Women” for more information). With women working many of the same jobs as men, and possessing more money to afford products like specially designed clothing, demand (and then supply) of women’s business-wear increased – starting a trend of popular women’s clothes that strayed away from “traditional” feminine wear. Women have historically been the major consumers and drivers of fashion. Thus, women’s experimentation with different approaches to expressing gender and sexuality – combined with greater social acceptance of the 1910-1920s giving such experimentations space to grow – produced a new popular archetype of female gender expression known as “the flapper” (Rabinovitch-Fox 2017). Flappers were young women of the new “Lost Generation”, defined by their defiance of prior, “acceptable” behavioral norms in favor of freedom and happiness, often working as dancers for jazz performances in American cities. Flapper clothes focused on a more masculine and “boxy” shape, with sleeveless, lower-neckline, straight-cut dresses and knee-length skirts (McKenna 2024). They exposed considerably more skin though such clothing, allowing for greater freedom of movement and greater figurative freedom of expression. Like prior clothing, prestige and wealth were still focal points in flapper fashion. However, these values were expressed though new means: large bracelets, oversized necklaces, embroidered clothes, high-heels made for dancing, decorated headbands, smaller “cloche” hats, stockings revealed by knee-high skirts, heavy use of cosmetics, as well as fur and feather jackets (McKenna 2024). Flappers also wore their hair fairly short, usually in bobs. The fashion of the “flapper” reflected the changing perspectives women held on themselves, transitioning into a time of feminism, self-liberation, and self-definition. In turn, “flapper” fashion helped to legitimize the ideals behind feminist movements and molded the larger view of American society on women’s rights and freedom of expression. In 2020, the effects of a century of feminism and radical social reform are evident in fashion – almost all articles of clothing (typically only barring clothes that promote violence or hate, or are extremely revealing) are socially acceptable on any given person, not only women, in any given public scenario. The idea of unisex clothing is prevalent across many major clothing brands, the distinction between “acceptable” women and men’s clothing blending together due to less restrictive gender norms. Fashion that is explicitly “young women’s clothing” includes boxier androgynous casual-wear (including sneakers, boots, jeans, jackets, sweaters, cargo pants, robes, shorts, tank tops, t-shirts, and more) as well as businesswear, high heels, jewelry, makeup, and loose dresses somewhat comparable to those of the 1920s - and much more. The materials and patterns for each piece of clothing, as well as individual hairstyles, range enormously. The huge variation in presentation reflects a changed cultural attitude towards women – while still subject to more discrimination and bias than men on average, the wage gap between men and women has been falling and women’s freedoms have expanded significantly since 1920 (see “The Highlights of Women’s Rights Legislation From 1920 to 2020” for more information). "Flappers: An Overview" by The1920sChannel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7WgqDhmmZc 1880 fashion illustration, depicting the expected formal, prestigious wear of upper class women before 1920 (Brean, 2020). Celebrity Colleen Moore gained popularity through silent films, where she perfected the rebellious young women archetype - inspiring women of her generation to become flappers as well (Maddalena, 2020). Another silent film star, Clara Bow, was also instrumental in popularizing the look and attitude of the flappers to young audiences though her performances (Maddalena, 2020). Women attending the Spring/Summer 2020 fashion show, taking inspiration from various sources and exemplifying the enormous range of women's clothing in modern America (Velasquez, 2019). Works Cited
Brean, D. R. (2020, April 21). Trends through the Decades: Spring Fashion, 1880–1910. The Frick Pittsburgh. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.thefrickpittsburgh.org/Story-Trends-Through-the-Decades-Spring-Fashion-1880-1910 Maddalena, M. (2020, August 13). The 3 Most Famous Flappers • Ksenia's Secrets Of Solo. Ksenia's Secrets of Solo. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://secretsofsolo.com/2020/08/3-famous-flappers/ Meyer, S. (n.d.). The Degradation of Work Revisited: More of the Same: Men at Work? Masculinity and Mass Production in the 1920s and 1930s. Automobile In American Life and Society. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Labor/L_Overview/L_Overview5.htm McKenna, A. (2024, March 29). Flapper | Girl, Fashion, Style, Dress, Era, & 1920s. Britannica. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/flapper Rabinovitch-Fox, E. (2017, August 22). New Women in Early 20th-Century America. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-427?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199329175-e-427&p=emailAeiyxZh9mNLz2 Velasquez, A. (2019, October 15). Fashion Snoops' Top Women's Wear Trends for Spring/Summer 2020. Sourcing Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://sourcingjournal.com/denim/denim-trends/fashion-snoops-top-womens-wear-trends-spring-summer-2020-174585/ The 1920s began with a major victory for the suffragette movement in the form of the 19th Amendment - guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of sex, and thus allowing women to vote in all states. The 19th Amendment's ratification set the stage for reform and expansion of women's rights throughout the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st century as well. Soon after the 19th Amendment was the introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment, created by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman, to Congress in 1923. While the amendment was not ratified, its proposed impact - to outlaw all legal discrimination based on sex, therefore guaranteeing equality in employment, marriage, and property, as well as providing a clear definition of sex discrimination for all courts to use - inspired a now-century long battle for its passage. 38 out of 38 states have technically ratified the amendment as of 2020 but 5 states retracted their ratification after signing, meaning the fight for truly equal rights under the law still continues. The next major change in women's rights came forty years later in 1963, with the implementation of the Equal Pay Act. As discussed in the World War I post, young single women were able to find employment in increasing numbers during and after WWI. Employers readily welcomed female workers because they were able to exploit their labor, paying women less than men and not receiving any repercussions from the law (because no labor laws explicitly protected women's right to equal pay). With the Equal Pay Act signed into law by John F. Kennedy, employers were now held to a standard of equal pay for the same work regardless of a worker's sex. The Equal Pay Act, while not universally successful in creating truly equal pay, helped boost women's earnings to nearly the same as men. In 2020, the average gender pay gap for both full and part time wages was 17.7%, meaning most American women were paid around 82.3% of men's salaries for the same labor (Highlights of Women's Earnings in 2020 : BLS Reports: U.S., 2021). 6 years later, the Education Amendments of 1972 were passed - containing a section "Title IX", which outlawed sex discrimination in any program funded by the government. Since public schools were now required to include a women's sports team for every men's sports team, passage of Title IX launched women's sports to unprecedented heights - the number of female high school athletes increasing tenfold from the 1970s to 2016 (Oldaker, 2018). Through its encouragement of women's sports, Title IX opened new pastimes to millions of women and freed hundreds of thousands more to create lucrative careers for themselves. Roe v. Wade, determined only a year later in 1973, proclaimed that the restriction of abortion rights was unconstitutional because the right to an abortion belonged under the constitutional right to privacy. The outcome of the case gave women across the US expanded personal control over their bodies and lives under the law, as well as access to safer methods of abortion than previous, illegal, and therefore limited methods. However, 2005 saw the passage of the Partial-Birth Abortion Act Ban, which constitutionally banned certain abortion procedures. 2013 saw a notable resurgence of anti-abortion sentiment and a large push for state legislatures to restrict abortion yet - this trend continued throughout the 2010s and into 2020 (Guttmacher Institute, 2014). The control that women have had over their reproductive health increased dramatically in 1973 and the years following, but has begun to decline as of recent years as states move to criminalize the practice of abortion (and it is also important to note that, although it took place after 2020, Roe v. Wade was overturned and thus drastically reduced the number of situations in which abortion is legal, if at all, in many states). The next significant piece of legislation affecting women's rights was the Violence Against Women Act, put into effect in 1994. The act directed millions of dollars into aiding survivors of sexual abuse, domestic violence, stalking, and other violent crimes. The Violence Against Women Act marked a serious effort by the federal government to assist in the unfortunately common issues women face. It has continued to be re-authorized for further funding through the efforts of women's rights activists (in 2000, 2005, and 2013) and expanded to include protection and aid for women of all races and backgrounds (National Network to End Domestic Violence, 2024). Alice Paul, a significant women's rights activist in the 1920s who helped create pressure to pass the 19th Amendment (Library of Congress, 1925). Congresswomen, including Barbara Lee and Jackie Speier, advocate for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment in 2020 - almost 100 years after its first suggestion in Congress (Wikimedia Commons, 2020). A chart from Wikimedia Commons, displaying the percentage of women athletes at the Olympics every year as compared to all participants. The missing portions represent wartime, and the spike around 1970 is due to the passage of Title IX (Wikimedia Commons, 2012). Senator Barbara Boxer, one of the authors of the Violence Against Women Act, rallies fellow women's rights activists in 2000 to pressure Congress into re-authorizing the act before it expires (Wikimedia, 2018). Works Cited
Highlights of women's earnings in 2020 : BLS Reports: U.S. (2021, September). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/2020/home.htm Oldaker, Jacob. (2018). Gender equality in sports. Widener Journal of Law, Economics & Race, 9(1), 47-56. Guttmacher Institute. (2014, January 2). More State Abortion Restrictions Were Enacted in 2011–2013 Than in the Entire Previous Decade. Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2014/01/more-state-abortion-restrictions-were-enacted-2011-2013-entire-previous-decade National Network to End Domestic Violence. (2024). Violence Against Women Act. NNEDV. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://nnedv.org/content/violence-against-women-act/ Library of Congress. (1925). Alice Paul. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https://www.loc.gov/resource/ggbain.33933/ Wikimedia Commons. (2020, Feburary 13). File:Equal Rights Amendment meeting in Congress - 2.13.21.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equal_Rights_Amendment_meeting_in_Congress_-_2.13.21.jpg Wikimedia Commons. (2012, August 15). File:Women percent summer olympics.png. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women_percent_summer_olympics.png Wikimedia Commons. (2018, January 10). File:Boxer Renews Call to Reauthorize Violence Against Women Act October 5, 2000.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boxer_Renews_Call_to_Reauthorize_Violence_Against_Women_Act_October_5,_2000.jpg World War I saw primarily men conscripted into the frontlines of trench warfare, where they witnessed unprecedented violence. The generation of the 1920s is commonly known as the “Lost Generation” – suffering from PTSD, permanent mental and physical disabilities, a loss of purpose, and the loss of close companions. Male veterans were disproportionately affected by the war due to men finding significantly more acceptance in the military. While upper class men pursued fulfillment and relief from their trauma through luxury, the majority of veterans experienced major financial trouble upon returning home. Not only was wartime production closing down, meaning less jobs were available overall, women also largely replaced men in large industries like automobile manufacturing. Employers were not held accountable for paying women the same wages as men, and thus sought to exploit young female workers to increase their profits – driving many male veterans out of the jobs they had previously held (Meyer, n.d.). As a result, unemployment became the norm for men of the period, and the role of “the father” became increasingly bound to the home. While men would still be the primary target of drafts and recruitment programs in future conflicts, the previously male-dominated automobile and metalworking industries saw increasing influence from women and as such, many men stopped associating the physical labor of such jobs with “masculinity”. With a large number of men away from home during World War I, many women found encouragement from companies and the government to take their place on the “home front” – wartime factories, offices, and farms. The four years of World War I also acted as four years for women to cement themselves as integral parts of the workplace, and many employers readily accepted female workers – partly due to the abundance of applicants, but mostly because they could unfairly pay less for the same labor that men performed. Despite this, the fact of women working the same jobs as men changed the popular perception of women’s role in American society as homebound. Women also worked as nurses and doctors on the front lines of World War I, witnessing the same brutality as male veterans and also leaving the war traumatized. Their participation in the war set a precedent for World War II, wherein women acted not only as aides but as active soldiers of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Though women were banned from military service in 1994, the precedent set by World War I and World War II saw the ban overturned in 2013 (Shanker & Bumiller, 2013). Women working in a factory assembly line during World War I - by holding such jobs, women challenged the popular expectation of home life and set a precedent for future generations of working women (Wikimedia Commons, n. d.). Allied male soldiers in World War I taking refuge in a trench, wearing gas masks to protect themselves from chlorine gas attacks - the effects of gas, as well as bullets, swords, and tanks, left survivors of the war scarred physically and psychologically (Wikimedia Commons, n. d.). A woman operating an automatic cartridge machine to create munitions for the war effort (Wikimedia Commons, n. d.). A woman operating a dough mixing machine on "the home front" (Wikimedia Commons, n. d.). Works Cited
Meyer, S. (n.d.). The Degradation of Work Revisited: More of the Same: Men at Work? Masculinity and Mass Production in the 1920s and 1930s. Automobile In American Life and Society. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Labor/L_Overview/L_Overview5.htm Shanker, T., & Bumiller, E. (2013, January 23). Pentagon Set to Lift Ban on Women in Combat Roles. The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/us/pentagon-says-it-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-combat.html Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). File:World War One; women working in a factory Wellcome L0009248.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_One;_women_working_in_a_factory_Wellcome_L0009248.jpg Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). File:Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_infantry_small_box_respirators_Ypres_1917.jpg Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). File:Women's War work during the First World War. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_War_work_during_the_First_World_War,_Park_Royal,_London_Q31316.jpg Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). File:Industry during the First World War Q28320.jpg. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Industry_during_the_First_World_War_Q28320.jpg The 1920s saw a higher focus on inventions designed to simplify the workload of everyday tasks. The ease of accessing such inventions increased for the average consumer due to mass production, and the demand for them increased due to many former housekeepers moving into the middle class. The dishwasher, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, and refrigerator, though existing before the 1920s in limited capacity, saw wider success due to this larger middle and upper-middle class (Moscardini & McCloud, 2024). Primarily, the washing machine and vacuum cleaner saw the largest boom in production – they were the simplest and cheapest of the four main home care inventions to produce and repair, making them ideal for individual use. With more chores taken care of by machines, the average time women spent performing household chores plummeted. With more time to spend elsewhere, and more job opportunities due to the recent end of World War I, more and more women began to gravitate towards the workplace. Their competence in performing the same labor and administrative work as men, though not compensated for equally, forced male-dominated society to reconsider the role of women as one not bound strictly to the home. Another contributing factor to this societal perspective shift was the decline of the housekeeping profession. With more automated methods of performing chores, and more opportunities for women to work in factories, the appeal of working to maintain another’s house during the 1920s began to fall. With later inventions and improvements to domestic machinery, as well as the advent of the laundromat in the 1930s, the housekeeping industry saw a major decline – while devastating to some women, its fall also further separated the idea of the “New Woman” from menial home tasks (Berger, 2019). The 1920s were the beginning of a trend of home innovation that continues still, and an accompanying, negative trend of hours spent on house maintenance by women of all ages. In 2020, women spent a record low amount of hours on chores and correspondingly, more women were employed than in any other prior period in American history (Ortiz et al., n.d.). The "Air-Way Sanitizer" vacuum cleaner from 1926, including a disposable bag (Ohio History Connection, n.d.). The Automatic Electric Washer Co. washing machine from 1925 replaced the hand-operated wash methods of the past with a more time-efficient and electricity-dependent machine, affordable to upper middle and upper class women (Moscardini & McCloud, 2024). A 1930s laundromat, the popularity of which decimated the housekeeping profession and introduced new, oftentimes lower-paying jobs than jobs in the housekeeping industry (Wikimedia Commons, 2015). Women were commonly employed to operate telephone switchboards in the 1940s, contributing to war communications and everyday life in a way that would have been considered "unwomanly" just decades earlier (Wikimedia Commons, 2018). Works Cited
Berger, M. W. (2019, January 30). How the appliance boom moved more women into the workforce | Penn Today. Penn Today. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/how-appliance-boom-moved-more-women-workforce Ortiz, E., Tzvetkova, S., & Roser, M. (n.d.). Women's Employment. Our World in Data. Retrieved March 23, 2024, from https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-supply Moscardini, C., & McCloud, K. S. (2024). Electric Washing Machine. UTSA Institute Of Texan Cultures. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://texancultures.utsa.edu/collections-blog/object-washing-machine/ A brief dishwasher history and how it affected our lives. Universal Appliance Repair. (n.d.). https://universalappliancerepair.com/a-brief-dishwasher-history-and-how-it-affected-our-lives/#:~:text=The%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Dishwasher,sprayer%20to%20clean%20the%20dishes. Ohio History Connection. (n.d.). Air-Way Sanitizor vacuum cleaner. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p267401coll32/id/12813/ Wikimedia Commons. (2015, June 13). File:Laundromat, Half Hour Laundry, Self Service, Post Office Alley, Clinton, Iowa (82871).jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laundromat,_Half_Hour_Laundry,_Self_Service,_Post_Office_Alley,_Clinton,_Iowa_(82871).jpg Wikimedia Commons. (2018, October 21). File:Photograph of Women Working at a Bell System Telephone Switchboard - NARA - 1633445.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Women_Working_at_a_Bell_System_Telephone_Switchboard_-_NARA_-_1633445.jpg |
ONE CENTURY APART: Gender in Both 20s
seeks to explore how shifting technology, shared experiences, social attitudes, and business practices have changed the lives and roles of men, women, and others from the 1920s to the 2020s. Blog by Harper Lamb. Title photo courtesy of The History Channel. |